A novel simulation-based analysis of a stochastic HIV model with the time delay using high order spectral collocation technique.

The economic impact of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) goes beyond individual levels and it has a significant influence on communities and nations worldwide. Studying the transmission patterns in HIV dynamics is crucial for understanding the tracking behavior and informing policymakers about the possible control of this viral infection. Various approaches have been adopted to explore how the virus interacts with the immune system. Models involving differential equations with delays have become prevalent across various scientific and technical domains over the past few decades. In this study, we present a novel mathematical model comprising a system of delay differential equations to describe the dynamics of intramural HIV infection. The model characterizes three distinct cell sub-populations and the HIV virus. By incorporating time delay between the viral entry into target cells and the subsequent production of new virions, our model provides a comprehensive understanding of the infection process. Our study focuses on investigating the stability of two crucial equilibrium states the infection-free and endemic equilibriums. To analyze the infection-free equilibrium, we utilize the LaSalle invariance principle. Further, we prove that if reproduction is less than unity, the disease free equilibrium is locally and globally asymptotically stable. To ensure numerical accuracy and preservation of essential properties from the continuous mathematical model, we use a spectral scheme having a higher-order accuracy. This scheme effectively captures the underlying dynamics and enables efficient numerical simulations.

A fuel gas waste heat recovery-based multigeneration plant integrated with a LNG cold energy process, a water desalination unit, and a CO2 separation process.

Development of the multigeneration plants based on the simultaneous production of water and energy can solve many of the current problems of these two major fields. In addition, the integration of fossil power plants with waste heat recovery processes in order to prevent the release of pollutants in the environment can simultaneously cover the environmental and thermodynamic improvements. Besides, the addition of a carbon dioxide (CO2) capturing cycles with such plants is a key issue towards a sustainable environment. Accordingly, a novel waste heat recovery-based multigeneration plant integrated with a carbon dioxide separation/liquefaction cycle is proposed and investigated under multi-variable assessments (energy/exergy, financial, and environmental). The offered multigeneration system is able to generate various beneficial outputs (electricity, liquefied CO2 (L-CO2), natural gas (NG), and freshwater). In the offered system, the liquified natural gas (LNG) cold energy is used to carry out condensation processes, which is a relatively new idea. Based on the results, the outputs rates of net power, NG, L-CO2, and water were determined to be approximately 42.72 MW and 18.01E+03, 612 and 3.56E+03 kmol/h, respectively. Moreover, the multigeneration plant was efficient about 32.08% and 87.72%, respectively, in terms of energy and exergy. Economic estimates indicated that the unit product costs of electricity and liquefied carbon dioxide production, respectively, were around 0.0466 USD per kWh and 0.0728 USD per kg-CO2. Finally, the total released CO2 was about 0.034 kg per kWh. According to a comprehensive comparison, the offered multigeneration plant can provide superior environmental, thermodynamic, and economic performances compared to similar plants. Moreover, there was no need to purchase electricity from the grid.

Thermal transport of biological base fluid with copper and iron oxide nanoparticles in wavy channel.

The nanoparticles are frequently used in biomedical science for the treatment of diseases like cancer and these nanoparticles are injected in blood which is transported in the cardiovascular system on the principle of peristalsis. This study elaborates the effects of Lorentz force and joule heating on the peristaltic flow of copper and iron oxide suspended blood based nanofluid in a complex wavy non-uniform curved channel. The Brinkman model is utilized for the temperature dependent viscosity and thermal conductivity. The problem is formulated using the fundamental laws in terms of coupled partial differential equations which are simplified using the creeping flow phenomenon. The graphical results for velocity, temperature, streamlines, and axial pressure are simulated numerically. The concluded observations deduce that the solid volume fraction of nanoparticles reduces the velocity and enhance the pressure gradient and accumulation of trapping bolus in the upper half of the curved channel is noticed for temperature dependent viscosity.

Mathematical modeling and simulation of electromagnetohydrodynamic bio-nanomaterial flow through physiological vessels.

Gold-based metal nanoparticles serve a key role in diagnosing and treating important illnesses such as cancer and infectious diseases. In consideration of this, the current work develops a mathematical model for viscoelastic nanofluid flow in the peristaltic microchannel. Nanofluid is considered as blood-based fluid suspended with gold nanoparticles. In the investigated geometry, various parametric effects such as Joule heating, magnetohydrodynamics, electroosmosis, and thermal radiation have been imposed. The governing equations of the model are analytically solved by using the lubrication theory where the wavelength of the channel is considered large and viscous force is considered more dominant as compared to the inertia force relating the applications in biological transport phenomena. The graphical findings for relevant parameters of interest are given. In the current analysis, the ranges of the parameters have been considered as: 0<κ<6,0<λ1<0.6,2

A bioconvection model for viscoelastic nanofluid confined by tapered asymmetric channel: implicit finite difference simulations.

As part of the growing evolution in nanotechnology and thermal sciences, nanoparticles are considered as an alternative solution for the energy depletion due to their ultra-high thermal effectives. Nanofluids reflect inclusive and broad-spectrum significances in engineering, industrial and bio-engineering like power plants, energy source, air conditioning systems, surface coatings, evaporators, power consumptions, nano-medicine, cancer treatment, etc. The present study describes the bio-convective peristaltic flow of a third-grade nanofluid in a tapered asymmetric channel. Basic conservation laws of mass, momentum, energy, and concentration as well as the microorganism diffusion equation are utilized to model the problem. The simplified form of the modeled expressions is accounted with long wavelength assumptions. For solving the resulting coupled and nonlinear equations, a well-known numerical method implicit finite difference scheme has been utilized. The graphical results describe the velocity, temperature and concentration profiles, and the density of motile microorganisms at the nanoscale. Furthermore, microorganism concentration lines are analyzed.

The variation in promoter sequences of the Akt3 gene between cow and buffalo revealed different responses against mastitis.

BACKGROUND: Serine/threonine kinase 3 (AKT3) is a protein-coding gene that is associated with several cattle immune diseases including different tumors and cancers. The objective of this study was to investigate the differences in structures and functions of AKT3 of cow and buffalo cattle. METHODS: The sequence differences of gene-coding sequence (CDS) and core promoter region of AKT3 in cow and buffalo were analyzed by using bioinformatics tools and PCR sequencing. Also, the functional analysis of promoter regulating gene expression by RT-PCR was performed using 500 Holstein cows and buffalos. And, evaluation of AKT3 inflammatory response to the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mastitis was performed between both species. RESULTS: The results revealed the variation in 6 exons out of 13 exons of the two species of CDS. Also, 4 different regions in 3-kb promoters of the AKT3 gene were significantly different between cow and buffalo species, in which cow's AKT3 promoter sequence region was started from - 371 to - 1247, while in buffalo, the sequence was started from - 371 to - 969 of the promoter crucial region. Thus, the promoter was overexpressed in cows compared to buffaloes. As a result, significant differences (P < 0.05) between the two species in the AKT3 gene expression level related to the LPS stimulation in their mammary epithelial cell line. CONCLUSIONS: This study emphasized the great importance of the structural differences of AKT3 between the animal species on their different responses against immune diseases like mastitis.

Investigation of Cyber-Security and Cyber-Crimes in Oil and Gas Sectors Using the Innovative Structures of Complex Intuitionistic Fuzzy Relations.

Recently, there has been enormous development due to advancements in technology. Industries and enterprises are moving towards a digital system, and the oil and gas industries are no exception. There are several threats and risks in digital systems, which are controlled through cyber-security. For the first time in the theory of fuzzy sets, this research analyzes the relationships between cyber-security and cyber-crimes in the oil and gas sectors. The novel concepts of complex intuitionistic fuzzy relations (CIFRs) are introduced. Moreover, the types of CIFRs are defined and their properties are discussed. In addition, an application is presented that uses the Hasse diagram to make a decision regarding the most suitable cyber-security techniques to implement in an industry. Furthermore, the omnipotence of the proposed methods is explained by a comparative study.

Dual solution framework for mixed convection flow of Maxwell nanofluid instigated by exponentially shrinking surface with thermal radiation.

This paper presents the analysis of transfer of heat and mass characteristics in boundary layer flow of incompressible magnetohydrodynamic Maxwell nanofluid with thermal radiation effects confined by exponentially shrinking geometry. The effects of Brownian motion and thermophoresis are incorporated using Buongiorno model. The partial differential equations of the governing model are converted in non-dimensional track which are numerically inspected with proper appliances of Runge-Kutta fourth order scheme.The significant effects of heat and mass fluxes on the temperature and nanoparticles volume fractions are investigated. By the increases in Lewis number between [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text], the decrease in nanoparticle volume fraction and temperature is noted. With the change in the Prandtl constant that varies between [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text], the nanoparticles volume fraction and temperature are dwindled. Nanoparticles volume fraction and temperature distribution increase is noted with applications of radiation constant. With consequent variation of thermophoresis parameter between [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text], nanoparticles volume fraction and temperature distribution increases. It is also noted that the increase in thermophoresis parameter and Brownian parameter from [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text], nanoparticles volume fraction decreases while temperature distribution increases.

MHD peristaltic flow of nanofluid in a vertical channel with multiple slip features: an application to chyme movement.

The mathematical modelling of biological fluids is of utmost importance due to its applications in various fields of medicine. The peristaltic mechanism plays a crucial role in understanding numerous biological flows. The current paper emphasizes on the MHD peristalsis of Jeffrey nanofluid flowing through a vertical channel when subjected to the combined heat/mass transportation. The equations for the current flow scenario are developed with relevant assumptions for which the perturbation technique is followed to simulate the solution. The expressions of velocity, temperature and concentration are obtained, and the solutions of skin-friction coefficient, Nusselt number and Sherwood number at the wall are acquired. Further, the influence of relevant parameters on various physical quantities for both non-Newtonian Jeffery and viscous fluid is graphically analyzed. The outcomes are deliberated in detail Further, it is renowned that the current study has many biomechanical applications such as the movement of chyme motion in the gastrointestinal tract and during the surgery to take control of the flow of blood by adjusting the magnetic field intensity.

Chemically reactive bioconvection flow of tangent hyperbolic nanoliquid with gyrotactic microorganisms and nonlinear thermal radiation.

On the account of motivating fabrication of bioconvection phenomenon in various engineering and industrial systems, an attention has been devoted by researchers in current decade. Therefore, this theoretical investigation deals with the utilization of bioconvection phenomenon in flow of tangent hyperbolic nanofluid over an accelerated moving surface. It is assumed that the flow is generated due to periodically motion of the sheet. The energy equation is modified by entertaining the nonlinear thermal radiation features. The chemical reaction effects are elaborated in the concentration equation. Moreover, the significance of present flow problem increases by utilizing the thermophoresis and Brownian motion effects. The governing equations are transmuted into non-dimensional form with utilization of appropriate quantities. The analytical solution is computed by using homotopy analysis method. The implications of promising parameters on velocity profile, temperature profile, nanoparticles volume fraction and microorganisms profile is evaluated graphically. The presence of radiation parameter, thermophoresis and Brownian motion effects are more frequent for enhancement of heat transfer. The reported observations can efficiently use in the improvement of heat transfer devices as well as microbial fuel cells.

Extraction of diverse polyphenols in relation with storage periods of Citrus paradisi CV. Shamber through HPLC-DAD technique using different solvent.

In this article, Citrus paradisi, (Shamber) an exceptional source of Vitamins A and C and full of nutrients, selected for extraction of diverse polyphenols including dietary flavonoids and essential flavonoids by HPLC-DAD technique using various solvents. These essential targeted compounds also analyze after keeping different storage periods and compare with fresh fruits for better efficacy of these compounds. The highest number of phenolic compounds including gallic acid, chlorogenic acid sinapic acid, ferulic acid, myricetin, quercetin, and kaempferol extracted in methanol solvent leading to the new compounds of tetra-O-methylscutellar and heptamethoxy flavone. The essential flavonoids determined by polyethersulfone filter and insoluble precipitation separated by the dimethyl sulfoxide. The results showed that the methanolic extraction exhibited higher essential flavonoids including nobiletin, sinensetin, tangeritin, and tetra-O-methylscutellarein and heptamethoxy flavone. The RP-HPLC analysis exposed the maximum number of nutritional flavonoids like naringin, hesperidin, total flavones, glycosyl. Moreover, it observed that dietary flavonoids and phenolic compounds of stored fruits were unaffected in 30 days of storage periods while minor variations were pragmatic during 60-90 days storage. The investigation revealed that C. paradisi proves to be the valuable resource of different phenolic compounds and flavonoids which are effective against various oxidative stresses in the human body.

Pharmacological studies of Adhatoda vasica and Calotropis procera as resource of bio-active compounds for various diseases.

Adhatoda vasica and Calotropis procera species were investigated as a resource for new diverse pharmacological agents including B complex, individual total phenolic compounds and antioxidants for curing and treatments of many infectious diseases in human through advanced analytical methods. These plants are abundant in Khyber Pukhtoon Khawa, Pakistan as well as in all over the world and famous for their unique medicinal importance. These herbaceous species are so far used for animals curing while current exploration of these species showed that these species are a precious resource of various compounds which can be employed in the formation of different drugs. The results showed that the leaf and flower extracts of Adhatoda vasica and leaf extract of Calotropis procera contained higher contents of bioactive compounds. The chemical analysis of the samples resulted in higher values of total phenolic compounds (71.32mg GAE/g), total antioxidants (651% DPPH inhibition), the enzyme catalase (4716µg/g), ash content (16.72%) and pH values in the Calotropis procera, whereas the total carotenoids (1987mg/100g), the enzymes, superoxide dismutase (4566µg/g) and peroxidase (1322µg/g) were higher in leaves of Adhatoda vasica. The flower extract of the Adhatoda vasica was rich in the flavonoids (0.87mg/100g) and organic matter (89.99%) as compared to Calotropis procera. The obtained data for each parameter was interpreted by applying Complete Randomized Design (CRD) along with factorial arrangements. The mean comparison was performed using LSD test at 5% probability level. The presence of these phytochemicals may lead to the conclusion that these herbal plants have the potential for formation of new drugs and can be used as herbal medicine for treatment of different cancer and viral diseases. These compounds are also useful in the treatment of the tumor.

Assessment of flatulence causing agents in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and their possible removal

Abstract Flatulence and fullness of stomach is one of the most common problem associated with chickpea primary due to presence of some oligosaccharides and phenols. In this investigation Desi and Kabuli varieties were compared for these oligosaccharides and phenolic compounds. Furthermore, the effect of different processing and cooking methods such as soaking, cooking and germination in the reduction of these antiphysiological factors were are also studies. Maximum tannic acid (0.90 ± 0.20%) was observed in Parbat and C-44 while minimum (0.60 ± 0.04%) in Karak-2. Stachyose contents ranged between 1.10 ± 0.05 (Karak-3) to 1.42 ± 0.02% (Parbat) while raffinose was 0.63 ± 0.05(Karak-3) to 0.81 ± 0.02% (Dasht). The highest tannic acid content was reduced up to 50% in C-44 by cooking of 72 hours germinated seeds. Stachyose and raffinose contents were completely removed after 72 hours germination. Present studies revealed that cooking after germination is the most effective method to reduce the anti-nutritional factors of chickpea. Individually, soaking and cooking also contributed to the loss of the same factors but to a lesser extent.

Evaluation of Matrix Metalloproteinases, Cytokines and Their Potential Role in the Development of Ovarian Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Ovarian cancer is the 5th most common cause of deaths in the women among gynecological tumors. There are many growing evidences that stress and other behavioral factors may affect cancer progression and patient survival. The purpose of this study is to determine the key role of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and cytokines in the aggregation and progression of ovarian cancer. METHODOLOGY: Stress variables (MDA, AGEs, AOPPs, NO), profile of antioxidants (SOD, Catalase, Vitamin E & A, GSH, GRx, GPx) and inflammatory biomarkers (MMP-9, MMP-2, MMP-11, IL-1α and TNF-α) were biochemically assessed from venous blood of fifty ovarian cancer patients and twenty healthy control subjects. The results of all parameters were analyzed statistically by independent sample t-test. RESULTS: The results of the study demonstrated that the levels of stress variables like MDA (3.38±1.12nmol/ml), AGEs (2.72±0.22 ng/ml), AOPPs (128.48±27.23 ng/ml) and NO (58.71±8.67 ng/ml) were increased in the patients of ovarian cancer as compared to control individuals whereas the profile of antioxidants like SOD, Catalase, Vitamin E, Vitamin A, GSH and GRx were decreased in ovarian cancer patients (0.11±0.08 µg/ml, 2.41±1.01µmol/mol of protein, 0.22±0.04 µg/ml, 45.84±9.07µg/ml, 4.88±1.18µg/ml, 5.33±1.26 µmol/ml respectively). But the level of GPx antioxidant was increased in ovarian cancer patients (6.58±0.21µmol/ml). Moreover the levels of MMP-9 (64.87±5.35 ng/ml), MMP-2 (75.87±18.82 ng/ml) and MMP-11 (63.58±8.48 ng/ml) were elevated in the patients. Similarly, the levels of various cytokines TNF-α and IL-1α were also increased in the patients of ovarian cancer (32.17±3.52 pg/ml and 7.04±0.85 pg/ml respectively). CONCLUSION: MMPs are commonly expressed in ovarian cancer which are potential extrapolative biomarkers and have a major role in metastasis. Due to oxidative stress, different cytokines are released by tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) that result in the cancer progression. Consequently, tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMPs) are the valuable therapeutic approaches to complement conservative anticancer strategies.

Antioxidant, cholinesterase inhibition activities and essential oil analysis of Nelumbo nucifera seeds.

Nelumbo nucifera seeds' essential oil (EO), crude extract and subsequent fractions were evaluated for their DPPH, ABTS and superoxide anion-free radical scavenging and cholinesterase inhibitory activities. The ethyl acetate fraction and EO showed outstanding antioxidant activities with IC50 values of 191, 450 µg/mL (DPPH), 123, 221 µg/mL (ABTS) and 69, 370 µg/mL (superoxide anion). The ethyl acetate fraction and EO also caused significant inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase with IC50 values of 70 ± 0.6, 64 ± 0.8 and 75 ± 0.3, 58 ± 0.2, in dose-dependent manner. The first ever gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of the EO obtained from N. nucifera seeds resulted in identification of 19 constituents, mainly comprised of oxygenated sesquiterpenes responsible for their promising bioactivity. The crude and fractions revealed the presence of saponins, flavonoids, steroids, alkaloids, terpenoids and cardiac glycosides in phytochemical investigation.

Prognostic significance of altered blood and tissue glutathione levels in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cases.

Glutathione is a thiol compound that plays an important role in the antioxidant defense system of the cell and its deficiency leads to an increased susceptibility to oxidative stress and, thus, progression of many disease states including head and neck cancer. In the present study, alterations of glutathione levels were investigated in study cohort of 500 samples (cohort 1 containing 200 head and neck cancer blood samples along with 200 healthy controls and cohort II with 50 head and neck squamous cell carcinoma tissue samples along with 50 control tissues) by high performance liquid chromatography. The results indicated that mean blood glutathione levels were significantly reduced in head and neck cancer patients (p<0.001) compared to respective controls. In contrast, the levels of glutathione total (p<0.05) and glutathione reduced (p<0.05) were significantly elevated in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma tissues compared to the adjacent cancer-free control tissues. In addition to this, pearson correlation performed to correlate different tissue glutathione levels (GSH) with clinical/ pathological parameters demonstrated a significant negative correlation between pT-stage and GSH level (r=- 0.263**; p<0.01), C-stage and GSH level (r=-0.335**; p<0.01), grade and GSH (r=-0.329**; p<0.01) and grade versus redox index (r=-0.213**; p<0.01) in HNSCC tissues. Our study suggests that dysregulation of glutathione levels in head and neck cancer has the potential to predict metastasis, and may serve as a prognostic marker.